{"id":5874,"date":"2022-04-03T18:18:16","date_gmt":"2022-04-03T18:18:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/?p=5874"},"modified":"2022-04-03T18:19:45","modified_gmt":"2022-04-03T18:19:45","slug":"bilissel-gelisim-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/tr-blog\/bilissel-gelisim-nedir","title":{"rendered":"Bili\u015fsel Geli\u015fim Nedir?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5874\" class=\"elementor elementor-5874\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c627230 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c627230\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5eb4b92\" data-id=\"5eb4b92\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4400d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4400d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bili\u015fsel Geli\u015fim Nedir?<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62e2ffe elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"62e2ffe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1680\" height=\"780\" src=\"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/bilis\u0327sel-gelis\u0327im-nedir.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/bilis\u0327sel-gelis\u0327im-nedir.webp 1680w, https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/bilis\u0327sel-gelis\u0327im-nedir-300x139.webp 300w, https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/bilis\u0327sel-gelis\u0327im-nedir-1024x475.webp 1024w, https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/bilis\u0327sel-gelis\u0327im-nedir-768x357.webp 768w, https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/bilis\u0327sel-gelis\u0327im-nedir-100x46.webp 100w, https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/bilis\u0327sel-gelis\u0327im-nedir-1536x713.webp 1536w, https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/bilis\u0327sel-gelis\u0327im-nedir-150x70.webp 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1680px) 100vw, 1680px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98a1b4e elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"98a1b4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:&quot;.elementor-element-f2cab8d &gt; div:nth-child(1), .elementor-element-4ab4ef4, .elementor-element-41b1960 &gt; div:nth-child(1)&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\u0130\u00e7erik Tablosu<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-loading eicon-animation-spin\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aacf17e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aacf17e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c7ocuklar, hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk alt\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131nda, fiziksel, bili\u015fsel, dil ve ileti\u015fim, sosyal &#8211; duygusal olarak h\u0131zla geli\u015fir ve b\u00fcy\u00fcrler. Bu geli\u015fim alanlar\u0131 insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rt ana geli\u015fim alan\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r ve bir\u00e7ok kazan\u0131m\u0131n edinilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu d\u00f6nem \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r. Ki\u015finin ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca faydalanaca\u011f\u0131 insani \u00f6zellikleri olan bilme, alg\u0131lama, hat\u0131rlama, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, okuma, yazma gibi zekan\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fi ile ilgili faaliyetler bili\u015f olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Do\u011fumdan itibaren farkl\u0131 bili\u015fsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7en insan ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131 sonucunda bu bili\u015f \u00f6zelliklerini geli\u015ftirir ve yeti\u015fkinlikte nas\u0131l bir birey olaca\u011f\u0131, hatta nas\u0131l bir hayat s\u00fcrece\u011fi de bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin temellerinin ne \u015fekilde at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>Bili\u015f kavram\u0131n\u0131n bu derece etkili ve ya\u015famsal olmas\u0131, \u201cbili\u015fsel geli\u015fim\u201d denen bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle bebekli\u011fin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 \u00f6nem kazanan bili\u015fsel geli\u015fim, insan\u0131n do\u011fumundan itibaren zihinsel faaliyetlerde kat etti\u011fi yolu konu edinir. N\u00f6roloji ve psikoloji taraf\u0131ndan birlikte ele al\u0131nan bili\u015fsel geli\u015fim ne \u015fekilde ilerler, bili\u015fsel geli\u015fim nedir, bili\u015fsel geli\u015fim kuramlar\u0131 nelerdir, \u00e7ocuklarla hangi ya\u015flarda hangi bili\u015fsel geli\u015fim etkinlikleri yap\u0131labilir sorular\u0131n\u0131n cevaplar\u0131n\u0131 hep birlikte inceleyelim.<\/p><h2><a id=\"_88qpml45gunn\"><\/a>Bili\u015fsel Geli\u015fim<\/h2><p>Bili\u015fsel geli\u015fim, insan\u0131n do\u011fumdan itibaren ba\u015flayarak ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca \u00e7evresini alg\u0131layabilmesini ve etkile\u015fim kurabilmesini sa\u011flayan zihinsel i\u015flevleri kazanma s\u00fcrecidir. Zihinsel i\u015flevler, alg\u0131, bellek, ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme, okuma, yazma, yarat\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme gibi faaliyetleri kapsar ve bunlar\u0131n her biri ki\u015finin \u00e7evresini ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yorumlamas\u0131yla geli\u015fir.<\/p><p>\u00c7ocu\u011fun do\u011fdu\u011fu andan itibaren bili\u015fsel geli\u015fiminin desteklenmesi, b\u00fct\u00fcn hayat\u0131n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Bili\u015fsel geli\u015fim alan\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f olan Piaget\u2019ye g\u00f6re, bili\u015fsel geli\u015fimi etkileyen etmenler vard\u0131r (yak\u0131nsal geli\u015fim ve sosyal \u00e7evre) ve t\u00fcm \u00e7ocuklar ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde ayn\u0131 zihinsel geli\u015fim \u00f6zelliklerini kazanamayabilirler.<\/p><p>Kal\u0131tsal ve \u00e7evresel fakt\u00f6rlerden etkilenmekle birlikte, do\u011fumdan itibaren \u00e7ocuklarda g\u00f6zlemlenebilen zihinsel geli\u015fim \u00f6zellikleri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir:<\/p><h3><a id=\"_wdy0yfbe4era\"><\/a>0 &#8211; 3 Ay<\/h3><ul><li>Y\u00fcz\u00fcne yak\u0131n nesneleri g\u00f6rebilir.<\/li><li>Yak\u0131n seslere duyarl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><li>Nesneleri ve y\u00fczleri izler ve hareketli nesneleri g\u00f6zleriyle takip eder.<\/li><li>Bacak ve kol hareketleriyle y\u00fcksek seslere tepki verir.<\/li><li>2 ayl\u0131k oldu\u011funda \u00e7\u0131ng\u0131rak gibi hareketli ve sesli nesneler dikkatini \u00e7eker ve bunlar\u0131 g\u00f6zleriyle takip eder, tan\u0131d\u0131k insanlar\u0131 ay\u0131rt edebilir. S\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u011flar ve tela\u015flan\u0131r.<\/li><li>3 ayl\u0131k oldu\u011funda memeyi ve biberonu tan\u0131r, hareketi ve sesi ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evirerek ifade eder.<\/li><\/ul><h3><a id=\"_injmlilwgkqr\"><\/a>3 &#8211; 6 Ay<\/h3><ul><li>Mutlu ya da \u00fczg\u00fcn oldu\u011funda ileti\u015fim kurabilir.<\/li><li>Y\u00fczleri izler ve beslenirken y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcze bakar.<\/li><li>Oyuncaklara uzanma ve a\u011fz\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcrme e\u011filimindedir.<\/li><li>\u00c7evrelerini elleri ve a\u011fz\u0131yla ke\u015ffetmek ister.<\/li><li>Nesneleri elden ele aktarabilir.<\/li><li>Ula\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 \u015feyler de ilgisini \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flar.<\/li><\/ul><h3><a id=\"_wq42ah7dmxvv\"><\/a>9 Ay<\/h3><ul><li>Saklanan ve d\u00fc\u015fen nesneleri aramaya ba\u015flar.<\/li><li>\u201cCe-ee\u201d oyunundan ho\u015flanmaya ba\u015flar.<\/li><li>Nesneleri tutmak i\u00e7in ba\u015f parma\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015faret parma\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r.<\/li><li>Kitab\u0131n sayfalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evirebilir.<\/li><li>Nesneleri kusursuz bir \u015fekilde tutabilir ve eldene ele aktarabilir.<\/li><\/ul><h3><a id=\"_eiojih54jkg1\"><\/a>12 Ay<\/h3><ul><li>Nesneleri kaplar\u0131n i\u00e7ine ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131na koyabilir.<\/li><li>Ad\u0131n\u0131 duydu\u011funda d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakar.<\/li><li>Nesneleri birbirine vurarak ses \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/li><li>Nesnelerin kullan\u0131m ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 fark eder.<\/li><li>Bir-iki kelimelik basit y\u00f6nergeleri takip edebilir.<\/li><li>Ke\u015ffetme yolu vurma-atma-sallama olmu\u015ftur.<\/li><li>\u0130\u015faret parma\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3><a id=\"_a2y6kwee91yo\"><\/a>18 Ay<\/h3><ul><li>Kalem kullanarak karalama yapar.<\/li><li>V\u00fccudunun b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini g\u00f6sterir.<\/li><li>Y\u00f6nergeleri takip eder.<\/li><li>Nesnelerin ne i\u015fe yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilir.<\/li><li>Oyuncak hayvan ve bebeklere ilgi g\u00f6sterir ve onlarla oyun kurabilir.<\/li><li>Kitap, hikaye ve \u015fark\u0131lar ho\u015funa gider.<\/li><li>Kitap sayfalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evirebilir.<\/li><\/ul><h3><a id=\"_nn3sga1cz2l8\"><\/a>2 Ya\u015f<\/h3><ul><li>D\u00f6rt veya daha fazla par\u00e7ay\u0131 \u00fcst \u00fcste koyarak bir kule yapabilir.<\/li><li>\u0130ki veya daha fazla \u00f6rt\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131na gizlenmi\u015f nesneleri bulabilir.<\/li><li>Baz\u0131 i\u015fleri deneyerek nas\u0131l yap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffeder.<\/li><li>\u015eekilleri ve renkleri \u00f6\u011frenir.<\/li><li>\u201cKitab\u0131n\u0131 al ve \u00e7antana koy\u201d gibi iki a\u015famal\u0131 y\u00f6nergeleri takip edebilir.<\/li><li>Taklit eder ve rol yapar.<\/li><li>Kitapta g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6geleri adland\u0131rabilir.<\/li><li>S\u00fcrekli okudu\u011fu kitaplarda ge\u00e7en c\u00fcmleleri ezberler ve bir k\u0131sm\u0131 okundu\u011funda kalan\u0131n\u0131 tamamlar.<\/li><\/ul><h3><a id=\"_nw71s98vcvxo\"><\/a>3 Ya\u015f<\/h3><ul><li>Yapboz yapar.<\/li><li>Boya veya kalemle \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekiller \u00e7izer ve g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015fekilleri kopyalar.<\/li><li>Hayali arkada\u015flar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/li><li>Oyuncaklar\u0131yla hayal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oyunlar kurar.<\/li><li>Kendi hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak hikayeler ve oyunlar olu\u015fturur.<\/li><li>Nesneleri \u015fekillerine ve renklerine g\u00f6re s\u0131ralar ve e\u015fle\u015ftirir.<\/li><li>D\u00fc\u011fmeli ve mekanik oyuncaklar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/li><li>Say\u0131lar\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenir.<\/li><li>Sayfalar\u0131 \u00e7evirir.<\/li><li>\u015ei\u015fe ve kavanozlar\u0131n kapaklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131p kapatabilir, kap\u0131 bask\u0131 kollar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak kap\u0131y\u0131 a\u00e7ar.<\/li><\/ul><h3><a id=\"_l1au7xc1076v\"><\/a>4 Ya\u015f<\/h3><ul><li>Ayn\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 olan\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/li><li>V\u00fccut yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda \u00e7izer.<\/li><li>Zaman\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeye ba\u015flar.<\/li><li>Makas kullanabilir.<\/li><li>Kutu ve masa oyunlar\u0131 ilgisini \u00e7eker.<\/li><li>Hikaye tamamlayabilir.<\/li><\/ul><h3><a id=\"_x1t91to2iba\"><\/a>5 &#8211; 6 Ya\u015f<\/h3><ul><li>\u00c7ok say\u0131da nesneyi sayar.<\/li><li>Renkleri do\u011fru \u015fekilde adland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/li><li>Geometrik \u015fekilleri \u00f6\u011frenir ve \u00e7izer.<\/li><li>Zaman kavram\u0131 yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/li><li>Baz\u0131 harfleri ve say\u0131lar\u0131 yazabilir.<\/li><li>Kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131r ve yazabilir.<\/li><\/ul><h2><a id=\"_61ry5o0jb5z\"><\/a>Bili\u015fsel Geli\u015fim Kuramlar\u0131<\/h2><p>Do\u011fumdan itibaren insan\u0131n hangi d\u00f6nemde hangi bili\u015fsel geli\u015fmeleri g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini ortaya koyan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara bili\u015fsel geli\u015fim kuramlar\u0131 denir. Bu kuramlar\u0131n en kapsaml\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015f olan Jean Piaget\u2019nin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Jerome Brumer ve Lev Vgotsky Bili\u015fsel Geli\u015fim kuramlar\u0131 kendi adlar\u0131 ile incelenebilir.<\/p><h3><a id=\"_wc3pcgnduor6\"><\/a>Jean Piaget\u2019nin Bili\u015fsel Geli\u015fim Kuram\u0131<\/h3><p>Piaget\u2019ye g\u00f6re bili\u015fsel geli\u015fimin temelini, ki\u015finin \u00e7evreye uyum sa\u011flama yetene\u011fi olu\u015fturur. Aktif olan \u00e7ocuk, denge &#8211; dengesizlik &#8211; yeniden denge &#8211; dengeleme s\u00fcreci ile uyumu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir ve bunu yaparken i\u00e7sel motivasyonundan destek al\u0131r. Ortaya koydu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri baz\u0131 \u00e7evrelerden tepkiler alan Piaget, bili\u015fsel geli\u015fimi etkileyen 4 fakt\u00f6rden s\u00f6z eder:<\/p><ol><li>Olgunla\u015fma: Bireyin bir i\u015fi yapabilmek i\u00e7in belli bir fiziksel olgunlu\u011fa eri\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen olgunla\u015fma, beraberinde zihinsel geli\u015fimi de etkiler. Yenido\u011fanda reflekse ba\u011fl\u0131 hareketler zamanla ama\u00e7l\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/li><li>Aktif Ya\u015fant\u0131: Deneyimlerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak ki\u015fi uyar\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 olaylarla ili\u015fkilendirir ve kodlar.<\/li><li>Toplumsal Etkile\u015fim: Ki\u015finin ailesi ve yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinden \u00f6\u011frendikleriyle sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sosyal aktar\u0131m, ki\u015finin zihinsel geli\u015fiminin temellerini olu\u015fturur.<\/li><li>Dengeleme: Piaget\u2019ye g\u00f6re yeni \u00f6\u011frenilen bilgi organizmada \u00f6nce dengesizlik olu\u015fturur ve bu da ki\u015fiyi yeniden denge kurmaya y\u00f6nlendirir.<\/li><\/ol><p>Piaget\u2019nin Bili\u015fsel Geli\u015fim Kuram\u0131nda temel kavram olarak kabul edilen d\u00f6rt unsur bulunur. Bunlar,<\/p><ul><li>\u00c7ocu\u011fun d\u00fcnyay\u0131 tan\u0131mak i\u00e7in zihninde olu\u015fturdu\u011fu alg\u0131lama \u00e7er\u00e7evesi olan <strong>\u015fema,<\/strong><\/li><li>Yeni \u00f6\u011frenilen bir \u015feyin \u015femaya uydurulmas\u0131 ve \u00e7er\u00e7eveye oturtulmas\u0131 demek olan <strong>uyum sa\u011flama,<\/strong><\/li><li>Yeni \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fini anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve anlamland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7 olan <strong>\u00f6rg\u00fctleme.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>Piaget, her biri farkl\u0131 bir zihinsel beceri i\u00e7eren bili\u015fsel evreleri d\u00f6rt d\u00f6nemde inceler.<\/p><ul><li>Duyusal Hareket D\u00f6nemi: 0 &#8211; 2 ya\u015f aras\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan ve motor d\u00f6nem de denen bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te bebek, taklit etmeyi, nesnelerin sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yok olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kavramaya ba\u015flar ve refleksif davran\u0131\u015flardan ama\u00e7l\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flara ge\u00e7er.<\/li><li>\u0130\u015flem \u00d6ncesi D\u00f6nem: Dil geli\u015fiminin ad\u0131m ad\u0131m kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 2 &#8211; 7 ya\u015fa denk gelen bu d\u00f6nemde, sembolik ve sezgisel geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fan\u0131r. Monologlar, paralel oyunlar, taklit, s\u0131raya koyma ve s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma yetene\u011fi zamanla tersinden s\u0131ralama ve geli\u015fen sembolik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme ile devam eder.<\/li><li>Somut \u0130\u015flemler D\u00f6nemi: Somut problemlerin mant\u0131k yoluyla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilece\u011fi somut i\u015flemler d\u00f6nemi 7 &#8211; 11 ya\u015f aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapsar ve kurallar\u0131 anlamland\u0131rma ve izleme, tersine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilme ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilme, s\u0131n\u0131flama ve diziler olu\u015fturma gibi zihinsel becerilerin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde dikkat \u00e7eker.<\/li><li>Soyut \u0130\u015flemler D\u00f6nemi: Art\u0131k soyut d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilen birey, bu d\u00f6nemde soyut alg\u0131lanan problemleri de mant\u0131k yoluyla \u00e7\u00f6zebilir ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme faaliyeti bilimsel bir hal al\u0131r. Ki\u015fili\u011fin fark\u0131na var\u0131lan 11 &#8211; 15 ya\u015f aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki birey, sosyal konulara ilgi duymaya ve kimlik bilincine varmaya ba\u015flar.<\/li><\/ul><h3><a id=\"_c69b6ivu01gx\"><\/a>Jerome Brumer\u2019in Bili\u015fsel Geli\u015fim Kuram\u0131<\/h3><p>Bruner\u2019e g\u00f6re tepkiler uyar\u0131c\u0131dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hale geldi\u011finde bili\u015fsel geli\u015fim sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olur. Bilgiyi i\u015fleme ve depolama s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u015fekillenen bili\u015fsel geli\u015fim dilin etkisiyle ve \u00f6\u011frenici &#8211; \u00f6\u011fretici etkile\u015fimiyle kazan\u0131l\u0131r. Brumer bili\u015fsel geli\u015fimi \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6nemde inceler:<\/p><ul><li>Eylemsel D\u00f6nem: Nesnelerle kurulan etkile\u015fim sayesinde \u00e7ocu\u011fun sosyal ve ya\u015fayarak \u00f6\u011frenme sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nem Piage\u2019nin duyusal &#8211; motor d\u00f6nem dedi\u011fi 0 &#8211; 3 ya\u015f d\u00f6nemine denk gelir.<\/li><li>\u0130mgesel D\u00f6nem: Piaget\u2019nin i\u015flem \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemine denk gelen bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te 3 &#8211; 6 ya\u015f aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki birey, ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 imgeler halinde kodlayarak zihnine aktar\u0131r.<\/li><li>Sembolik D\u00f6nem: 6 &#8211; 18 ya\u015f aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki sembolik evrede ya\u015fant\u0131lar sembolik yollarla anlat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul><h3><a id=\"_b8fnrpsqctwn\"><\/a>Lev Vgotsky\u2019nin Bili\u015fsel Geli\u015fim Kuram\u0131<\/h3><p>Piaget\u2019nin bili\u015fsel geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecini \u00e7ocu\u011fun tek ba\u015f\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi fikrine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karak kendi kuram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atan Lev Vgotsky, bili\u015fsel geli\u015fimde sosyal \u00f6\u011frenme ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi kavramlar\u0131na vurgu yapar. Bili\u015fsel geli\u015fimin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sosyal \u00e7evre oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Vgotsky, \u00e7ocu\u011fun geli\u015fimine yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar do\u011fal \u00e7izginin hakim oldu\u011funu ve bunun daha sonra yerini k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7izgiye b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler.<\/p><p>Bu kurama g\u00f6re akademik hayatta \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n birbirleriyle i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7erisinde tak\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na \u00f6zendirilmesi gerekir. Ancak bunu yaparken de \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin \u00f6\u011frencilerini tamamen serbest b\u0131rakmamalar\u0131n\u0131, yol g\u00f6sterici olarak g\u00f6zlemlemesi gerekti\u011fini savunur.<\/p><h2><a id=\"_akxswdx1fou\"><\/a>Bili\u015fsel Geli\u015fim Etkinlikleri<\/h2><p>\u00c7ocuklar\u0131n ilerideki becerilerinin temellerini bu d\u00f6nemlerde ataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilen ebeveynler \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla kurduklar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131n ve oynanan oyunlar\u0131n onlar\u0131n bili\u015fsel geli\u015fimlerini destekledi\u011fini bilirler. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n bili\u015fsel olarak sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bili\u015fsel geli\u015fim etkinliklerine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekler verilebilir.<\/p><ul><li>Bebekle bol bol konu\u015fmak s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lan nesneleri g\u00f6rsellerinden ve resimli kartlardan yararlanarak adland\u0131rmak.<\/li><li>Bebe\u011fin nesneleri, oyuncaklar\u0131 ke\u015ffetmesine izin vermek ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrce hareket edebilece\u011fi bir ortam haz\u0131rlamak.<\/li><li>Bebe\u011fe \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek, masallar anlatmak ve kitap okumak.<\/li><li>Say\u0131 &#8211; nesne e\u015fle\u015ftirmeleri, \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler, eksik par\u00e7ay\u0131 bulma, tamamlama, gruplama etkinlikleri.<\/li><li>Y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7evresinde etkile\u015fimi art\u0131racak nesneler ve kitaplara denk gelmesini sa\u011flamak.<\/li><li>\u00c7ocu\u011fun ilgi duydu\u011fu alanlarda ona ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve inceleme f\u0131rsat\u0131 sunarak ilgi alan\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flamak.<\/li><li>\u00c7ocu\u011fun sorular\u0131na mant\u0131kl\u0131 ve tutarl\u0131 cevaplar vermek.<\/li><li>Se\u00e7enekler aras\u0131ndan mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak karar verme becerisini geli\u015ftirmesini sa\u011flamak.<\/li><li>Etkinliklerde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesi i\u00e7in zaman tan\u0131mak, hata yapmas\u0131na f\u0131rsat tan\u0131mak,<\/li><li>\u00c7ocu\u011fa yol g\u00f6sterirken sab\u0131rl\u0131 olmak, en \u00f6nemlisi ve her \u015feyden \u00f6nce onu \u00e7ok sevmek, e\u015fsiz ve de\u011ferli oldu\u011funu hissettirmek.<\/li><\/ul><p>Kaynaklar:<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/helpmegrowmn.org\/HMG\/DevelopMilestone\/CognitiveMilestones\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">helpmegrowmn.org\/HMG\/DevelopMilestone\/CognitiveMilestones\/index.html<\/a><\/p><p><a 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class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Next<\/span><\/span><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130\u00e7erik Tablosu \u00c7ocuklar, hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk alt\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131nda, fiziksel, bili\u015fsel, dil ve ileti\u015fim, sosyal &#8211; duygusal olarak h\u0131zla geli\u015fir ve b\u00fcy\u00fcrler. Bu geli\u015fim alanlar\u0131 insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/tr-blog\/bilissel-gelisim-nedir\">&hellip;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5875,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116,1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5874"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5874"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5874\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5880,"href":"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5874\/revisions\/5880"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5875"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5874"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5874"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mecokullari.k12.tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5874"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}